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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00214_Field_frep08a.txt
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1996-12-30
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78 lines
BLOBS
This cross section through the
striate cortex shows the layers
stained for the enzyme
cytochrome oxidase. The darker
zones in the upper third of the
section are the blobs.
By about 1978, the monkey's
primary visual cortex, with its
simple, complex, and end-
stopped cells and its ocular-
dominance columns and
orientation columns, seemed
reasonably well understood. But
an unexpected feature of the
physiology was that so few of
the cells seemed to be
interested in color. If we
mapped a simple or complex
cell's receptive field using
white light and then repeated
the mapping with colored spots
or slits, the results as a rule
were the same. A few cells,
perhaps as many as a 10 percent
of cortical upper-layer cells,
did show unmistakable color
preferences--with excellent
responses to oriented slits of
some color, most often red, and
virtually no response to other
wavelengths or even to white
light. The orientation
selectivity of these cells was
just as high as that of cells
lacking color selectivity. But
most cells in the visual cortex
did not care about color. This
was all the more surprising
because such a high proportion
of cells in the lateral
geniculate body are color coded,
and the geniculate forms the
main input to the visual cortex.
It was hard to see what could
have happened to this color
information in the cortex.
Suddenly, in 1978, all this
changed. Margaret Wong-Riley,
at the University of California
in San Francisco, discovered
that when she stained the
cortex for the enzyme
cytochrome oxidase, the upper
layers showed an unheard of
inhomogeneity, with periodic
dark-staining regions, pufflike
in transverse cross section,
about one-quarter millimeter
wide and one-half millimeter
apart. All cells contain
cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme
involved in metabolism, and no
one had ever imagined that a
stain for such an enzyme would
show anything interesting in
the cortex. When Wong-Riley
sent us pictures, Torsten Wiesel
and I suspected that we were
seeing ocular-dominance slabs
cut in cross section and that
the most monocular cells were
for some reason metabolically
more active than binocular
cells. We put the pictures in a
drawer and tried to forget them.